Early ICs used bipolar junction transistors. In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments built the first Integrated Circuit consisting of two bipolar transistors connected on a single piece of silicon, thereby initiating the “Silicon Age”. Ideally, if current is applied to the control terminal, the device will act as a close switch between the two terminals which otherwise behave as an open switch. One of the terminals acts as a control terminal. The transistor is a 3-terminal device which can be viewed as an electrically controlled switch. In comparison to a vacuum tube, transistors are more reliable, power efficient and of lesser size. In 1950, Shockley developed the first Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). Each additional component would reduce the reliability and increase troubleshooting time.Ī major breakthrough came in 1947, when John Baden, William Shockley and Watter Brattain of Bell labs unveiled the first functioning point contact Germanium transistor. One of the examples is of a Boeing B-29 which during the war, would consist of 300-1000 vacuum tubes. As a result, the performance of the devices would keep going down. But, after the second world war, it was observed that due to a huge number of discrete components, the complexity and power consumption of these devices were increasing significantly. These devices would control the flow of electrons in vacuum. The invention of vacuum tubes is what launched the electronics industry. This scale of growth has resulted from a continuous scaling of transistors and other improvements in the Silicon manufacturing process. The memory that could once support an entire company’s accounting system is now what a teenager carries in his smartphone. The chips of today contain more than 1 billion transistors. In 1958, the first integrated circuit flip-flop was built using two transistors at Texas Instruments. By Pavan H Vora, Ronak Lad (Einfochips Pvt.
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